Cells metabolize nutrients for biosynthetic and bioenergetic needs to fuel growth and
proliferation. The uptake of nutrients from the environment and their intracellular metabolism …

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase and a master
regulator of cell growth and metabolism, forms two structurally and functionally distinct …

Clear evidence indicates that cytokines, for instance, adipokines, hepatokines, inflammatory
cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, contribute substantially to the development of …

Osteoblasts are specialized mesenchymal cells that synthesize bone matrix and coordinate
the mineralization of the skeleton. These cells work in harmony with osteoclasts, which …

Osteocalcin is among the most abundant proteins in bone and is produced exclusively by
osteoblasts. Initially believed to be an inhibitor of bone mineralization, recent studies …

Osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells of the remodeling unit, are essential for growth and
maintenance of the skeleton. Clinical disorders of substrate availability (eg, diabetes …

More than 20 years after its discovery, our understanding of target of rapamycin (TOR)
signalling continues to grow. Recent global'omics' studies have revealed physiological roles …

Bone remodeling consists of resorption by osteoclasts followed by formation by osteoblasts,
and osteoclasts are a source of bone formation-stimulating factors. Here we utilize …

The adult human skeleton is a multifunctional organ undergoing continuous remodeling.
Homeostasis of bone mass in a healthy adult requires an exquisite balance between bone …

Much of the mechanism by which Wnt signaling drives proliferation during oncogenesis is
attributed to its regulation of the cell cycle. Here, we show how Wnt/β‐catenin signaling …