Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials have gained popularity in civil,
mechanical, aircraft, and chemical engineering domains due to their superior mechanical …

Many civil applications use square hollow sections (SHSs) as members in beam-column
connections which can be vulnerable under cyclic loading. Cyclic loadings from …

Rectangular hollow section (RHS) steel members are commonly utilized in various
mechanical and civil engineering applications, but they have shown to be quite vulnerable …

Tubular hollow members, though used in many civil and mechanical applications, are highly
vulnerable structural elements when subjected to cyclic loading. They have been used …

Steel structures are becoming more common in engineering construction as steel possesses
excellent ductility, but steel members are often vulnerable to buckling, especially under …

Welded beam-column connections may be vulnerable to failure under cyclic loading
conditions. These connections might require strengthening to resist static and cyclic loads as …

During the past several years, civil infrastructure has made extensive use of tubular hollow
steel members as structural elements. However, the rehabilitation and strengthening of …

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have gained popularity and become recognized
as a prominent material for engineering applications in the last few decades owing to their …

Circular hollow steel (CHS) members have been regarded as structural elements of choice
for use in civil infrastructure. Despite the risk of seismic damage of steel structures during an …

Square hollow section (SHS) beam–column connections are prevalent in steel structures
and extensively used in high seismic risk regions due to their significant architectural and …