Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of initial first and second
language proficiencies as well as the language of instruction that a student receives on the …

Abstract This article provides a broad review of the development of bilingual education
programs in the United States. We start by providing a brief background and then describe …

Abstract In multilingual sub-Saharan African countries, many children attend school and
learn to read in a language that they do not speak at home. This mismatch between home …

The potential of TWI to close the achievement gap for English language learners and to
provide both native English speakers and native partner-language speakers with access to …

Dual language (DL) programs experience many tensions stemming from English hegemony
in its curriculum, instruction, and assessment. These tensions often work in concert to usurp …

The authors examined the effectiveness of a 2-year (kindergarten and first grade) oral
English intervention provided to 534 Hispanic English-language learners in transitional …

Is it best to learn reading in two languages simultaneously or sequentially? We observed
second-and third-grade children in two-way dual-language learning contexts:(a) 50: 50 or …

This chapter focuses on how the multilingualism-as-a-resource orientation plays itself out in
the context of dual language education programs. R. Ruiz proposed a language-as …

As the US population grows more varied, public schools are faced with the challenge of
meeting the needs of an increasing population of culturally and linguistically diverse …

In bilingual communities, mixing languages is avoided in formal schooling: even if two
languages are used on a daily basis for teaching, only one language is used to teach each …