Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), a category of transmembrane receptors, have gained
significant clinical attention in oncology due to their central role in cancer pathogenesis …

Hirschsprung disease is defined by the absence of enteric neurons at the end of the bowel.
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic nervous system of the bowel and regulates …

Activating receptor tyrosine kinase RET (rarranged during transfection) gene alterations
have been identified as oncogenic in multiple malignancies. RET gene rearrangements …

Infection by bacteria, viruses, and parasites may lead to fetal death, organ injury, or limited
sequelae depending on the pathogen. Here, we consider the role of infection during …

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, aganglionic megacolon) represents the main genetic cause
of functional intestinal obstruction with an incidence of 1/5000 live births. This …

Spermatogenesis originates from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Development of the
spermatogonial transplantation technique in 1994 provided the first functional assay to …

The variety of diseases caused by mutations in RET receptor tyrosine kinase provides a
classic example of phenotypic heterogeneity. Gain-of-function mutations of RET are …

Rearranged during transfection (RET) receptor tyrosine kinase was first identified over thirty
years ago as a novel transforming gene. Since its discovery and subsequent pathway …

APOE genotype is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). ABCA1,
a member of the ATP-binding cassette family of active transporters, lipidates apoE in the …

Background & Aims Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a life-threatening birth defect in which
the distal colon is devoid of enteric neural ganglia. HSCR is treated by surgical removal of …