The human gastrointestinal (gut) microbiota comprises diverse and dynamic populations of
bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, coexisting in a mutualistic relationship with …

Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …

The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the
acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from …

Emotional learning is necessary for individuals to survive and prosper. Once acquired,
however, emotional associations are not always expressed. Indeed, the regulation of …

The ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family of methylcytosine dioxygenases catalyze oxidation
of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and promote DNA …

Chronic pain patients exhibit increased anxiety, depression, and deficits in learning and
memory. Yet how persistent pain affects the key brain area regulating these behaviors, the …

Over the course of natural history, countless animal species have evolved adaptive
behavioral systems to cope with dangerous situations and promote survival. Emotional …

Adult-born dentate granule cells (DGCs) contribute to learning and memory, yet it remains
unknown when adult-born DGCs become involved in the cognitive processes. During …

In the adult mammalian brain, more than 250 protein kinases are expressed, but only a few
of these kinases are currently known to enable learning and memory. Based on this …

Learning to contend with threats in the environment is essential to survival, but dysregulation
of memories for traumatic events can lead to disabling psychopathology. Recent years have …