Several influential reviews and two meta-reviews have converged on the position that
teacher professional development (PD) is more effective when it is sustained, collaborative …

The themes explored in this book began with a paper written by two of the authors (Russo
and Williamson 2007), which set out the core idea of evidential pluralism in the context of …

Summary (250 words) Process-tracing is a research method for tracing causal mechanisms
using detailed, within-case empirical analysis of how a causal process plays out in an actual …

Evidence-based medicine (EBM's) traditional methods, especially randomised controlled
trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses, along with risk-of-bias tools and checklists, have …

It is often claimed that only experiments can support strong causal inferences and therefore
they should be privileged in the behavioral sciences. We disagree. Overvaluing experiments …

The concept of mechanism has been an important organizing principle in science and
philosophy since at least the early modern period (Dijksterhuis 1950 [1961]; Boas 1952) …

Head hits cause brain damage-but not always. Should we ban sport to protect athletes?
Exposure to electromagnetic fields is strongly associated with cancer development-does that …

This report was commissioned by the Higher Education Funding Council for England
(HEFCE). It explores why different types of student achieve different outcomes in UK higher …

Understanding the cause of cost overruns in transportation infrastructure projects has been
a topic that has received considerable attention from academics and the popular press …

We propose a framework to describe, analyze, and explain the conditions under which
scientific communities organize themselves to do research, particularly within large-scale …