Many pathological states characterized by muscle atrophy (eg, sepsis, cachexia, starvation,
metabolic acidosis and severe insulinopenia) are associated with an increase in circulating …

Skeletal muscle is a malleable tissue capable of altering the type and amount of protein in
response to disruptions to cellular homeostasis. The process of exerciseinduced adaptation …

Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is defined as an increase in muscle mass, which in the adult
animal comes as a result of an increase in the size, as opposed to the number, of pre …

Activation of the PI3 kinase pathway can induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, defined as an
increase in skeletal muscle mass. In mammals, skeletal muscle hypertrophy occurs as a …

Endurance training induces a partial fast‐to‐slow muscle phenotype transformation and
mitochondrial biogenesis but no growth. In contrast, resistance training mainly stimulates …

▪ Abstract This review is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the cell and molecular
biology of muscle in terms of growth and wasting and the second being an account of …

The current human genome was moulded and refined through generations of time. We
propose that the basic framework for physiologic gene regulation was selected during an …

Protein kinase B/Akt can both activate protein synthesis and decrease protein breakdown,
thus leading to hypertrophy, and AMP-activated protein kinase can increase mitochondrial …

Increasing the mechanical load on skeletal muscle results in increased expression of insulin‐
like growth factor I (IGF‐I), which is thought to be a critical step in the induction of muscle …

Chondrocyte fate determination and maintenance requires Sox9, an intrinsic transcription
factor, but is inhibited by Wnt/β-catenin signaling activated by extrinsic Wnt ligands. Here we …