Simple Summary Pain is an unpleasant emotional state that produces behavioural changes
to minimize future tissue damage and promote recovery and survival. These behavioural …

Autotomy refers to self-amputation where the loss of a limb or organ is generally said to be
(1) in response to stressful external stimuli;(2) voluntary and nervously mediated;(3) …

Allometry is the scaling relationship between a trait and body size. This relationship can
often explain considerable morphological variation within and among species …

To glide in forest canopies, arboreal vertebrates evolved various skin-derived aerodynamic
structures, such as patagial membranes or webbing, but no comparable structure has been …

Temperature profoundly impacts all living creatures. In spite of the thermodynamic
constraints on biology, some animals have evolved to live and move in extremely cold …

Intra-and interspecific communication is crucial to fitness via its role in facilitating mating,
territoriality and defence. Yet, the evolution of animal communication systems is puzzling …

The eastern Asian (EA)–eastern North American (ENA) floristic disjunction represents a
major pattern of phytogeography of the Northern Hemisphere. Despite 20 years of studies …

The air-water interface of the planet's water bodies, such as ponds, lakes and streams,
presents an uncertain ecological niche with predatory threats from above and below. As …

Many sexually selected traits function as weapons, and these weapons can be incredibly
diverse. However, the factors underlying weapon diversity among species remain poorly …

Sexually selected weapons, such as the antlers of deer, claws of crabs, and tusks of beaked
whales, are strikingly diverse across taxa and even within groups of closely related species …