Immunoglobulins (Ig) play an important role in the immune system both when expressed as
antigen receptors on the cell surface of B cells and as antibodies secreted into extracellular …

Antigen receptor gene loci are among the most complex in mammals. The IgH locus,
encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) in B-lineage cells, undergoes major …

The immune system has evolved sophisticate mechanisms controlling the development of
responses to dangerous antigens while avoiding unnecessary attacks to innocuous …

Humans and mice separated more than 60 million years ago. Since then, evolution has led
to a multitude of changes in their genomic sequences. The divergence of genes has resulted …

IL-15 is a member of the IL-2 family of cytokines whose signaling pathways are a bridge
between innate and adaptive immune response. IL-15 is part of the intestinal mucosal …

Nuclear hormone receptors including the estrogen receptor (ERα) and the retinoic acid
receptor regulate a plethora of biological functions including reproduction, circulation and …

Throughout the world, cereals have always been recognized as a fundamental food. Human
evolution, through the development of cooking, led to the production of food rich in gluten, in …

The escalation of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has required the development of
safe and effective vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 …

Transcriptional regulation of the murine immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain gene (Igh)
involves several regulatory elements including the 3′ Igh regulatory region (3′ Igh RR) …

The enhancer DNase-hypersensitive region 1, 2 (HS1, 2), a member of the Ig heavy-chain
3′ regulatory region (3′ RR) cluster, is active in human B cells transfected with reporter …