Immune defense and reproduction are physiologically and energetically demanding
processes and have been observed to trade off in a diversity of female insects. Increased …

▪ Abstract Evolutionary ecology seeks to understand the selective reasons for the design
features of the immune defense, especially with respect to parasitism. The molecular …

Parasites and infectious diseases are everywhere and represent some of the most potent
forces shaping the natural world. They affect almost every aspect imaginable in the life of …

Employing the clear, student-friendly style that made previous editions so popular, Insect
Physiology and Biochemistry, Fourth Edition presents an engaging and authoritative guide …

Recent interest has focused on immune response in an evolutionary context, with particular
attention to disease resistance as a life-history trait, subject to trade-offs against other traits …

The evolutionary–ecology approach to studying immune defences has generated a number
of hypotheses that help to explain the observed variance in responses. Here, selected topics …

Phenotypic plasticity can be broadly defined as the ability of one genotype to produce more
than one phenotype when exposed to different environments, as the modification of …

Abstract Lay Summary: An evolutionary mechanism of aging was hypothesized 60 years
ago to be the genetic trade-off between early life fitness and late life mortality. Genetic …

In iteroparous species high investment in current reproduction is usually paid in terms of
reduced future reproduction and increased mortality. However, the proximal mechanisms of …

Immune function is likely to be a critical determinant of an organism's fitness, yet most
natural animal and plant populations exhibit tremendous genetic variation for immune traits …