Introduction: Cavernous malformations of the ventral brainstem are a challenging disease to
treat. From an anatomical perspective, the best surgical options are endoscopic endonasal …

OBJECTIVE Surgical treatment of brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs) is challenging.
Surgery using the endoscopic transsphenoidal transclival approach (eTSTCA) is reported as …

Background Transnasal endoscopic approaches to the clivus have been established
recently. Comparative analyses with classic lateral approaches are limited. In this study, we …

Targeted surgical precision and minimally invasive techniques are of utmost importance for
resectioning cavernous malformations involving the brainstem region. Minimisation of the …

Objective Apparently similar intra-axial pontine lesions may demand distinct surgical
approaches. Selecting the optimal approach reduces unnecessary manipulation of tracts …

Introduction The clival, paraclival, and craniocervical junction regions are challenging
surgical targets. To approach these areas, endoscopic endonasal transclival approaches …

Background Endoscopic transnasal transclival intradural surgery is limited by a high
postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the role …

The far lateral approach is an inferolateral extension of the lateral suboccipital approach.
Designed for clipping of the aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar junction and proximal …

BACKGROUND The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has been proposed as a
potential alternative for ventral brainstem lesions. The surgical anatomy, feasibility, and …

BACKGROUND Treatment of intrinsic lesions of the ventral brainstem is a surgical challenge
that requires complex skull base antero-and posterolateral approaches. More recently …