Animal venoms have evolved over millions of years for prey capture and defense from
predators and rivals. Snake venoms, in particular, have evolved a wide diversity of peptides …

Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in
severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation …

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in the blood and
constitute key components of the innate immunity. Upon infection or tissue damage …

Phospholipases A2s (PLA2s) constitute one of the major protein groups present in the
venoms of viperid and crotalid snakes. Snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2s) exhibit a remarkable …

Viperid snakebite envenomation is characterized by inflammatory events including increase
in vascular permeability. A copious exudate is generated in tissue injected with venom …

Snake venoms are substances mostly composed by proteins and peptides with high
biological activity. Local and systemic effects culminate in clinical manifestations induced by …

Cr-LAAO, an l-amino acid oxidase isolated from Calloselasma rhodosthoma snake venom,
has been demonstrated as a potent stimulus for neutrophil activation and inflammatory …

Inflammation is a major local feature of envenomation by bothropic snakes being
characterized by a prominent local edema, pain, and extensive swelling. There are reports …

Photobiomodulation using light-emitting diode (LED) treatment has analgesic and anti-
inflammatory effects which can be an effective therapeutic associated with serum therapy for …

Snake venoms contain a large amount of toxins endowed with phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
activity. Despite an overall conserved structure, snake PLA2s display a variety of …