This paper presents the review and discussion of terminology and criteria describing the self-
employment phenomenon. We attempt to give a conceptually and empirically grounded …

As several European governments develop new start-up programmes during recessions, the
appropriateness of these policies recently has become a hot policy issue. This study …

The role of self-employment policies as a way out of unemployment has been challenged.
Shane (2009) stated that incentives for starting low growth companies should be eliminated …

Purpose Based on social cognitive theory, this study aims to analyze the impact of fear of
failure on entrepreneurs' growth aspirations, the moderating role of collectivist institutional …

Existing research has focused on factors explaining why individuals become self-employed.
Self-employment may represent a significant proportion of total employment in many …

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to position self-employment within an
entrepreneurship paradigm. The authors create a structured approach to the existing …

Previous studies provide suggestive evidence that entrepreneurship varies with the state of
the business cycle. This article extends the knowledge base by exploring whether the rate of …

This study aims to improve our understanding of overqualification by incorporating
distinctions in employment status (ie self-employed workers, private employees and public …

Our objective is to analyse the decision to become an entrepreneur in Spain, with a special
focus on the role of household finances in making that decision. To that end, we compare …

In this article we challenge the assumption that independent professionals (IPros), that is
professionals who work as contractors, freelancers, and self‐employed individuals, are not …