CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in
mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation …

Cl− channels reside both in the plasma membrane and in intracellular organelles. Their
functions range from ion homeostasis to cell volume regulation, transepithelial transport, and …

The ClC chloride channels catalyse the selective flow of Cl-ions across cell membranes,
thereby regulating electrical excitation in skeletal muscle and the flow of salt and water …

Proton channels exist in a wide variety of membrane proteins where they transport protons
rapidly and efficiently. Usually the proton pathway is formed mainly by water molecules …

ClC channels conduct chloride (Cl–) ions across cell membranes and thereby govern the
electrical activity of muscle cells and certain neurons, the transport of fluid and electrolytes …

ClC Cl-channels make up a large molecular family, ubiquitous with respect to both
organisms and cell types. In eukaryotes, these channels fulfill numerous biological roles …

ABSTRACT CLC genes are expressed in species from bacteria to human and encode Cl−-
channels or Cl−/H+-exchangers. CLC proteins assemble to dimers, with each monomer …

Various gating mechanisms of ion channels have been described, such as the shift of the $4
subunit of voltage-operated ion channels, the ball-and-chain mechanism of K+ and some …

Ion conduction and selectivity properties of KcsA, a bacterial ion channel of known structure,
were studied in a planar lipid bilayer system at the single-channel level. Selectivity …

Since its discovery, the ClC family of chloride channels has presented biophysicists with
unexpected behaviours and unusual surprises. The latest of these is the realization that not …