As biomolecules essential for sustaining life, proteins are generated from long chains of 20
different α‐amino acids that are folded into unique 3D structures. In particular, many proteins …

Nowadays advanced mass spectrometry techniques make the identification of protein
posttranslational modifications (PTMs) much easier than ever before. A series of proteomic …

There have been significant advances in the flexibility and power of in vitro cell-free
translation systems. The increasing ability to incorporate noncanonical amino acids and …

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play important roles in regulating a variety of
biological processes. To facilitate PTM studies, the genetic code expansion strategy has …

The acetylation/acylation (ac (et) ylation) of lysine side chains is a dynamic post-translational
modification (PTM) regulating fundamental cellular processes with implications on the …

Lysine acylation is a ubiquitous protein modification that controls various aspects of protein
function, such as the activity, localization, and stability of enzymes. Mass spectrometric …

Reversible lysine acetylation is one of the most widely distributed post‐translational
modifications; it is involved in a variety of biological processes and can be found in all three …

A wide range of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) can be incorporated into proteins in
living cells by using engineered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs. However, most …

Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) has emerged as a novel protein expression platform.
Especially the incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) has led to the …

The translation system is a sophisticated machinery that synthesizes proteins from 20
canonical amino acids. Recently, the repertoire of such composition has been expanded by …