Modern health care has brought our society innumerable benefits but has also introduced
the experience of pain very early in life. For example, it is now routine care for newborns to …

The study of pain development has come into its own. Reaping the rewards of years of
developmental and molecular biology, it has now become possible to translate fundamental …

Background Altered brain development is evident in children born very preterm (24–32
weeks gestational age), including reduction in gray and white matter volumes, and thinner …

Pain in infancy influences pain reactivity in later life, but how and why this occurs is poorly
understood. Here we review the evidence for developmental plasticity of nociceptive …

Background Despite an increasing awareness regarding pain management in neonates and
the availability of published guidelines for the treatment of procedural pain, preterm …

Infants born preterm (< 37 weeks of gestation) are particularly vulnerable to procedural
stress and pain exposure during neonatal intensive care, at a time of rapid and complex …

The low tactile threshold in preterm infants when they are in the neonatal intensive care unit
(NICU), while their physiological systems are unstable and immature, potentially renders …

Background Opioid analgesia is commonly used during neonatal intensive care. We
undertook the Neurologic Outcomes and Pre-emptive Analgesia in Neonates (NEOPAIN) …

Objective To examine the relationship between morphine exposure and growth of the
cerebellum and cerebrum in very preterm neonates from early in life to term-equivalent age …

BACKGROUND: Neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit are exposed to a high number
of painful procedures. Since repeated and sustained pain can have consequences for the …