In recent years, predator–prey systems have increased their applications and have given
rise to systems which represent more accurately different biological issues that appear in the …

A newly disclosed nonstandard finite difference method has been used to discretize a Lotka–
Volterra model to investigate the critical normal form coefficients of bifurcations for both one …

In the present paper we discuss bifurcation analysis of a modified Leslie–Gower prey–
predator model in the presence of nonlinear harvesting in prey. We give a detailed …

The behavior of any complex dynamic system is a natural result of the interaction between
the components of that system. Important examples of these systems are biological models …

In the present article, we investigate the impact of fear effect in a predator–prey model,
where predator–prey interaction follows Beddington–DeAngelis functional response. We …

The use of predator–prey models in theoretical ecology has a long history, and the model
equations have largely evolved since the original Lotka–Volterra system towards more …

The functional response (trophic function or individual ration) quantifies the average amount
of prey consumed per unit of time by a single predator. Since the seminal Lotka-Volterra …

In recent years, prey–predator models appearing in various fields of mathematical biology
have been proposed and studied extensively due to their universal existence and …

In this article, we discuss the dynamics of a Leslie–Gower ratio-dependent predator–prey
model incorporating fear in the prey population. Moreover, the Allee effect in the predator …

A discrete-time predator–prey model with Allee effect is investigated in this paper. We
consider the strong and the weak Allee effect (the population growth rate is negative and …