Plants as immovable organisms sense the stressors in their environment and respond to
them by means of dedicated stress response pathways. In response to stress, jasmonates …

Studies with model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that phytohormones
are central regulators of plant defense. The intricate network of phytohormone signaling …

Ferns and fern allies have low photosynthetic rates compared with seed plants. Their
photosynthesis is thought to be limited principally by physical CO 2 diffusion from the …

Plant hormones act as chemical messengers in the regulation of myriads of physiological
processes that occur in plants. To date, nine groups of plant hormones have been identified …

Terpenes constitute a large class of plant secondary metabolites. It was once presumed that
these compounds are biosynthesized by typical plant terpene synthases in all land plants …

Jasmonic acid (JA) is involved in a variety of physiological responses in seed plants.
However, the detection and role of JA in lycophytes, a group of seedless vascular plants …

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induces various defence responses in seed plants, but for early
plant lineages, information on the potential of jasmonates to elicit stress signalling and …

The genomes of charophyte green algae, close relatives of land plants, typically do not show
signs of developmental regulation by phytohormones. However, scattered reports of …

Insect galls are abnormal plant tissues induced by external stimuli from parasitizing insects.
It has been suggested that the stimuli include phytohormones such as auxin and cytokinins …

Recent findings indicate that plant-root exudates can stimulate plant-associated
microorganisms to enhance the biodegradation of contaminants in constructed wetlands. To …