Background Specialized endoderm‐derived epithelial cells, that is, enteroendocrine cells
(EEC s), are widely distributed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Enteroendocrine …

This Review highlights the processing and integration performed by hindbrain nuclei,
focusing on the inputs received by nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons. These inputs …

During the last few years, the endocannabinoid system has emerged as a highly relevant
topic in the scientific community. Many different regulatory actions have been attributed to …

Food intake and energy expenditure are controlled by complex, redundant, and distributed
neural systems that reflect the fundamental biological importance of adequate nutrient …

Discovery of the leptin receptor and its downstream peptidergic pathways has reconfirmed
the crucial role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of food intake and energy balance …

The prevalence of obesity has markedly increased over the past two decades, especially in
the industrialized countries. While the impact of excess body weight on the development of …

Recent progress in the field of energy homeostasis was triggered by the discovery of
adipocyte hormone leptin and revealed a complex regulatory neuroendocrine network. A …

Global levels of obesity are reaching epidemic proportions, leading to a dramatic increase in
incidence of secondary diseases and the significant economic burden associated with their …

Circulating factors are typically invoked to explain bidirectional communication between the
CNS and white adipose tissue (WAT). Thus, initiation of lipolysis has been relegated …

Food interacts with sensors all along the alimentary canal to provide the brain with
information regarding its composition, energy content, and beneficial effect. Vagal afferents …