Between 1980 and 2007, probation rates in the United States skyrocketed alongside
imprisonment rates; since 2007, both forms of criminal justice control have declined in use …

The United States' high incarceration rate gets a lot of attention from scholars, policy makers,
and the public. Yet, writes Michelle Phelps, the most common form of criminal justice …

Brangan (2013) Brangan, L.(2013). A framework for comparative research on supervision?
Offender Supervision in Europe, blog-site. Retrieved from http://www. offendersupervision …

While the scale and consequences of mass incarceration in the United States have been
well-documented over the past two decades, sociologists have focused less attention on …

Work requirements backed by threats of incarceration offer a fertile but neglected site for
sociolegal inquiry. These “carceral work mandates” confound familiar accounts of both the …

Although recent scholarship has enumerated many individual-level consequences of
criminal legal citations and sentences involving fines and fees, we know surprisingly little …

Use of probation and parole has declined since its peak in 2007 but still intrudes into the
lives of 3.9 million Americans at a scale deemed mass supervision. Originally intended as …

Substance use disorders are common among justice-involved populations, the majority of
whom are under community supervision in the form of probation. Substance involvement …

Background Research on the health consequences of criminal legal system contact has
increasingly looked beyond imprisonment to understand how more routine forms of …

Individuals on probation are commonly assessed fines and fees. These monetary sanctions
serve different purposes. Fines are primarily used for more punitive purposes, whereas fees …