Identification of the thyroid transcription factors (TTFs), NKX2-1, FOXE1, PAX8 and HHEX,
has considerably advanced our understanding of thyroid development, congenital thyroid …

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) may be primary, due to a defect affecting the thyroid gland
itself, or central, due to impaired thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-mediated stimulation of …

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a state of insufficient thyroid hormone supply to the
organism, starting in utero. Two forms of permanent primary or thyroidal CH are known …

Introduction Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most frequent neonatal endocrine
disorder and one of the most common preventable forms of mental retardation worldwide …

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a neonatal endocrine disorder that might occur as itself
or be associated to congenital extra‐thyroidal defects. About 85% of affected subjects …

The most frequent cause of congenital hypothyroidism is thyroid dysgenesis. Thyroid
dysgenesis summarizes a spectrum of developmental abnormalities of the embryonic …

The thyroid parafollicular cell, or commonly named “C-cell,” functions in serum calcium
homeostasis. Elevations in serum calcium trigger release of calcitonin from the C-cell, which …

TSH is the primary physiological regulator of thyroid gland function. The effects of TSH on
thyroid cells are mediated via activation of its membrane receptor [TSH receptor (TSHR)]. In …

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder and one
of the most common preventable causes of intellectual disability in the world. CH may be …

Developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland, defined as thyroid dysgenesis, underlie the
majority of cases of congenital hypothyroidism. Thyroid dysgenesis is predominantly a …