Antibiotic resistance, prompted by the overuse of antimicrobial agents, may arise from a
variety of mechanisms, particularly horizontal gene transfer of virulence and antibiotic …

To exist in a wide range of environmental niches, bacteria must sense and respond to a
variety of external signals. A primary means by which this occurs is through two-component …

EnvZ, a histidine kinase/phosphatase inEscherichia coli, responds to the osmolarity
changes in the medium by regulating the phosphorylation state of the transcription factor …

Signal transduction in microorganisms and plants is often mediated by His–Asp
phosphorelay systems. Two conserved families of proteins are centrally involved: histidine …

ETR1 represents a prototypical ethylene receptor. Homologues of ETR1 have been
identified in Arabidopsis as well as in other plant species, indicating that ethylene perception …

The evolution of novel functions in biology relies heavily on gene duplication and
divergence, creating large paralogous protein families. Selective pressure to avoid …

Bacteria live in capricious environments, in which they must continuously sense external
conditions in order to adjust their shape, motility and physiology. The histidine–aspartate …

Two‐component systems are signal‐transducing ATPases that use energy released from
ATP hydrolysis to effect responses to changing environmental conditions. The …

The histidyl‐aspartyl phosphorelay, formerly described as the two‐component system, is the
predominant mode of signal transduction in bacteria. Adaptation to environmental changes …

Positional cloning has already produced the sequences of more than 70 human genes
associated with specific diseases. In addition to their medical importance, these genes are of …