The term 'stress'–coined in 1936–has many definitions, but until now has lacked a
theoretical foundation. Here we present an information-theoretic approach–based on the …

Humans can reflect on decisions and report variable levels of confidence. But why maintain
an explicit representation of confidence for choices that have already been made and …

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventromedial-prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) play a key role in
decision-making and encode task states in addition to expected value. We review evidence …

Choice confidence, an individual's internal estimate of judgment accuracy, plays a critical
role in adaptive behaviour, yet its neural representations during decision formation remain …

How much we like something, whether it be a bottle of wine or a new film, is affected by the
opinions of others. However, the social information that we receive can be contradictory and …

The ability to form relational categories for objects that share few features in common is a
hallmark of human cognition. For example, anything that can play a preventative role, from a …

When new information is relevant to prior knowledge or schema, it can be learned and
remembered better. Rodent studies have suggested that the hippocampus and ventromedial …

Schemas are rich and complex knowledge structures about the typical unfolding of events in
a context; for example, a schema of a dinner at a restaurant. In this Perspective, we suggest …

People who habituate to stress show a repetition-induced response attenuation—
neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, neuroenergetic, and emotional—when exposed to a …

Creative thinking involves the evaluation of one's ideas in order to select the best one, but
the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying this evaluation remain unclear. Using a …