Life on earth is subject to alternating cycles of day and night imposed by the rotation of the
earth. Consequently, living things have evolved photodetective systems to synchronize their …

Synaptic interactions to extract information about wavelength, and thus color, begin in the
vertebrate retina with three classes of light-sensitive cells: rod photoreceptors at low light …

Melanopsin is a visual pigment that is expressed in a small subset of intrinsically
photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). It is involved in regulating non-image forming …

A third class of photoreceptors has recently been identified in the mammalian retina. They
are a rare cell type within the class of ganglion cells, which are the output cells of the retina …

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are photoreceptors of the
mammalian eye that drive pupillary responses, synchronization of circadian rhythms, and …

In mammals, nonvisual responses to light have been shown to involve intrinsically
photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) that express melanopsin and that are …

Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic radiation within a range of 380–780 nm;(400–
700 on primates retina). In vertebrates, the retina is adapted to capturing light photons and …

Over the last ten years there has been growing acceptance that retinal photoreception
among mammals extends beyond rods and cones to include a small number of intrinsically …

Daily and annual changes in ambient illumination serve as specific stimuli that associate
light with time and regulate the physiology of the organism through the eye. The eye acts as …

Animal eyes can vary in complexity ranging from a single photoreceptor cell shaded by a
pigment cell to elaborate arrays of these basic units, which allow image formation in …