Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the
treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance …

Delta opioid receptors represent a promising target for the development of novel analgesics.
A number of tools have been developed recently that have significantly improved our …

PDL1 is a protein that induces immunosuppression by binding to PD1 expressed on
immune cells. In line with historical studies, we found that membrane-bound PD1 expression …

Unilateral ligation of the tendon of anterior superficial part of rat masseter muscle (TASM)
leads to long-lasting allodynia. Sex differences in peripheral mu-opioid receptor (MOR) …

Musculoskeletal pain conditions, particularly those associated with temporomandibular
disorders (TMD) affect a large percentage of the population. Identifying mechanisms …

We investigated whether administration of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist H-Dmt-Tic-
NH-CH (CH2-COOH)-Bid (UFP-512), which also activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related …

Abstract Rationale Delta opioid receptors (DORs) have been considered as a potential
target to relieve pain as well as treat depression and anxiety disorders and are known to …

Sexual dimorphism in temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and their comorbidity with
migraine are important phenomena observed in clinics. TMDs are the most prevalent …

Sex-related differences can influence outcomes of randomized clinical trials and may
jeopardize the effectiveness of pain management and other therapeutics. Thus, it is …

Background Peripheral opioid receptor expression is up‐regulated under inflammatory
conditions, which leads to the increased efficacy of peripherally administered opioids. Sex …