A widely held dogma in the preclinical addiction field is that females are more vulnerable
than males to drug craving and relapse. Here, we first review clinical studies on sex …

Background: Cigarette smoking is the main cause of preventable death in developed
countries. While the direct positive behavioral reinforcing effect of nicotine has historically …

Neuroimagingstudies with positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) have begun to describe the functional neuroanatomy of emotion …

OBJECTIVE: Studies of the neurobiological processes underlying drug addiction primarily
have focused on limbic subcortical structures. Here the authors evaluated the role of frontal …

Despite intensive scientific investigation and public health imperatives, drug addiction
treatment outcomes have not significantly improved in more than 50years. Non-invasive …

Recently, there has been a convergence in lesion and neuroimaging data in the
identification of circuits underlying positive and negative emotion in the human brain …

Many people voluntarily incur costs to punish violations of social norms. Evolutionary
models and empirical evidence indicate that such altruistic punishment has been a decisive …

The brain circuitry processing rewarding and aversive stimuli is hypothesized to be at the
core of motivated behavior. In this study, discrete categories of beautiful faces are shown to …

Research suggests that the basal ganglia complex is a major component of the neural
circuitry that mediates reward-related processing. However, human studies have not yet …

Imaging studies have revealed neurochemical and functional changes in the brains of drug-
addicted subjects that provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying addiction …