This document presents a consensus on the diagnosis and classification of isolated cervical
dystonia (iCD) with a review of proposed terminology. The International Parkinson and …

Dystonia is a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder
characterized by abnormal movements and postures caused by involuntary sustained or …

Dystonia, a neurological disorder defined by abnormal postures and disorganized
movements, is considered to be a neural circuit disorder with dysfunction arising within and …

Dystonia is a common movement disorder, involving sustained muscle contractions, often
resulting in twisting and repetitive movements and abnormal postures. Dystonia may be …

Current classification systems use the terms “catatonia” and “psychomotor phenomena” as
mere a-theoretical descriptors, forgetting about their theoretical embedment. This was the …

Over the last 30 years, the concept of dystonia has dramatically changed, from being
considered a motor neurosis, to a pure basal ganglia disorder, to finally reach the definition …

During the last two decades, our knowledge on the genetic bases of Mendelian forms of
dystonia has expanded significantly. This has translated into the generation of multiple cell …

This article aims to provide a practical review of pediatric dystonia from a clinician's
perspective. The focus is on the underlying genetic causes, recent findings, and treatable …

The evolution of neurosurgical approaches to spasticity spans centuries, marked by key
milestones and innovative practitioners. Probable ancient descriptions of spasmodic …

Patients with upper motor neuron (UMN) syndrome often develop abnormal patterns of
muscle activity as expressed clinically is negative signs (muscle underactivity) and positive …