Due to their permanent and close proximity to neurons, glial cells perform essential tasks for
the normal physiology of the retina. Astrocytes and Müller cells (retinal macroglia) provide …

The amygdala plays key roles in fear and anxiety. Studies of the amygdala have largely
focused on neuronal function and connectivity. Astrocytes functionally interact with neurons …

Astrocytes are fundamental components of brain information processing and possess the
ability to respond to synaptic signaling with increases in cytoplasmic calcium and modulate …

Experience-dependent plasticity of synaptic transmission, which represents the cellular
basis of learning, is accompanied by morphological changes in dendritic spines. Astrocytic …

Astrocytes are important regulatory elements in brain function. They respond to
neurotransmitters and release gliotransmitters that modulate synaptic transmission …

We recently showed that inhibition of neuronal activity, glutamate uptake, or reversed-
Na+/Ca2+-exchange with TTX, TFB-TBOA, or YM-244769, respectively, increases …

Brain activity requires a flux of glucose to active regions to sustain increased metabolic
demands. Insulin, the main regulator of glucose handling in the body, has been traditionally …

Previous findings indicate that reducing brain insulin‐like growth factor I receptor (IGF‐IR)
activity promotes ample neuroprotection. We now examined a possible action of IGF‐IR on …

Life is driven by a set of biological events that are naturally dynamic and tightly orchestrated
from the single molecule to entire organisms. Although biochemistry and molecular biology …

We report a miniature, lightweight fiber-coupled confocal fluorescence microscope that
incorporates an electrowetting variable focus lens to provide axial scanning for full three …