Marine invertebrates constantly interact with a wide range of microorganisms in their aquatic
environment and possess an effective defense system that has enabled their existence for …

Abstract Background The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is an ecologically
and economically relevant edible marine bivalve, highly invasive and resilient to biotic and …

Annelids and mollusks, both in the superphylum of Lophotrochozoa (Bilateria), are important
ecological groups, widespread in soil, freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. Like …

Non-self recognition with the consequent tolerance or immune reaction is a crucial process
to succeed as living organisms. At the same time the interactions between host species and …

With advancements in genomics, there has been substantial reduction in the cost and time
of genome sequencing and has resulted in lot of data in genome databases. Antimicrobial …

Abstract Host defense cationic Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) can kill microorganisms
including bacteria, viruses and fungi using various modes of action. The negatively charged …

We have recently identified the bacterial cell wall as the cellular target for honey
antibacterial compounds; however, the chemical nature of these compounds remained to be …

The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria is a highly selective permeability
barrier due to its asymmetric structure with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet. In …

Big defensins are antimicrobial polypeptides believed to be the ancestors of β-defensins, the
most evolutionary conserved family of host defense peptides (HDPs) in vertebrates …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural antibiotics produced by all living organisms. In
metazoans, they act as host defense factors by eliminating microbial pathogens. But they …