The prognosis and treatment of bladder cancer have improved little in the past 20 years.
Bladder cancer remains a debilitating and often fatal disease, and is among the most costly …

Cancer is a very heterogeneous disease, displaying heterogeneity between patients (inter-
tumoral heterogeneity) and heterogeneity within a patient (intra-tumoral heterogeneity) …

Lack of appropriate models that recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of urological
tumours precludes most of the preclinical reagents that target urological tumours from …

Abstract Treatment paradigms for patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) are
typically extrapolated from studies of bladder cancer despite their distinct clinical and …

Background Patient-derived tumor xenograft models have been established and
increasingly used for preclinical studies of targeted therapies in recent years. However …

High-throughput sequencing of cancer genomes is increasingly becoming an essential tool
of clinical oncology that facilitates target identification and targeted therapy within the context …

Background: Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been a focus of attention
because they closely resemble the tumor features of patients and retain the molecular and …

Bladder cancer (urothelial cancer of the bladder) is the most common malignancy affecting
the urinary system with increasing incidence and mortality. Treatment of bladder cancer has …

Surgery and radiation are the current standard treatments for cervical cancer. However,
there is no effective therapy for metastatic or recurrent cases, necessitating the identification …

Purpose Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises approximately 80% of all lung
malignancies. The 5-year survival rate of patients with advanced lung cancer who lost their …