Evolution is the hallmark of life. Descriptions of the evolution of microorganisms have
provided a wealth of information, but knowledge regarding “what happened” has precluded …

Niches are spaces for the biological units of selection, from cells to complex communities. In
a broad sense,“species” are biological units of individuation. Niches do not exist without …

Variability characterizes the complexity of biological systems and is essential for their
function. Microtubules (MTs) play a role in structural integrity, cell motility, material transport …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is a respiratory illness associated
with high mortality, has been classified as a pandemic. The major obstacles for the clinicians …

Randomness characterizes many processes in nature, and therefore its importance cannot
be overstated. In the present study, we investigate examples of randomness found in various …

Improving the function of biological systems represents a significant task in the fight to
control health conditions and slow down the aging process. Applying the laws of physics to a …

An approach based on fractal scaling analysis to characterize the organization of the Covid-
19 genome sequences is presented in this work. The method is based on a multivariate …

Water and soil contain a multiplicity of particulate material coated with bacterial populations
and communities. Microbiotic particles are any type of small particle (measuring less than 2 …

Classification of Homo sapiens cancer genes in molecular level is a challenging research
issue as they are extremely pseudo random in nature. Signature gene features need to be …

The study of de novo gene birth has opened the doors for evolutionary biologists to
approach old questions about the origin of innovation in different ways and from new …