Recent advances in synthetic biology and materials science have given rise to a new form of
materials, namely engineered living materials (ELMs), which are composed of living matter …

A survey of protein databases indicates that the majority of enzymes exist in oligomeric
forms, with about half of those found in the UniProt database being homodimeric …

Gram‐positive bacteria experience considerable mechanical perturbation when adhering to
host surfaces during colonization and infection. They have evolved various adhesion …

Many species of pathogenic gram‐positive bacteria display covalently crosslinked protein
polymers (called pili or fimbriae) that mediate microbial adhesion to host tissues. These …

Gram-positive bacteria display pili whose protein components (pilins) are covalently
crosslinked by pilus-specific sortase enzymes. These cysteine transpeptidase enzymes …

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, or LGG, is one of the most studied probiotic bacterium
worldwide. The health benefit properties of LGG are mainly ensured by SpaCBA pili, which …

We developed both membrane potential nanosensors (MPNs) and voltage sensing dyes
(VSDs), and quantitative optical measurement tools to measure membrane potential (MP) at …