Can external threats strengthen group identity? A growing body of research in economics
emphasises the importance of cultural attributes such as identity for trust and cooperation …

This study studies the effects of informal institutions of public environmental concerns (PEC)
on corporate social responsibility (CSR) regarding public environmental concerns. Using the …

This paper explores how wars make nations, above and beyond their need to raise the fiscal
capacity to finance warfare. As army size increases, states change the conduct of war …

Democracies and dictatorships have different incentives when it comes to choosing how
much and by what means to homogenise the population, ie,'to build a nation'. We study and …

We study the impact of the Italian Civil War and Nazi occupation of Italy in 1943–45 on
postwar political outcomes. The Communist Party, which was more active in the resistance …

China's development model challenges the approaches of traditional donors like the World
Bank (WB). While some see this mostly as a chance, Chinese aid specifically and aid in …

Support for Ukraine against Russian aggression has been strong across Europe, but it is far
from uniform. An expert survey of the positions taken by political parties in 29 countries …

We study the long-term effects of intergroup contact on nation building by exploiting a
national lottery that randomly allocated conscripts to different military areas across Spain …

We show that migrating extremists can shape political equilibria in the long run. Regions in
Austria that witnessed an influx of Nazis fleeing the Soviets after WWII still have significantly …

We explore the legacy of foreign state repression by using the case of the de facto annexed
Nazi operational zones in Italy and a spatial regression discontinuity design. We show that …