There is an art and science to performing mouse anesthesia, which is a significant
component to animal research. Frequently, anesthesia is one vital step of many over the …

The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in
veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement …

Eye diseases and injuries impose a significant clinical problem worldwide. Safe and
effective ocular drug delivery is, however, challenging due to the presence of ocular barriers …

First promulgated in 1959, the 3Rs of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement have
evolved as fundamental principles underlying the use of animals and alternatives in science …

The primary objective of preclinical pain research is to improve the treatment of pain.
Decades of research using pain-evoked tests has revealed much about mechanisms but …

Ensuring that laboratory rodent pain is well managed underpins the ethical acceptability of
working with these animals in research. Appropriate treatment of pain in laboratory rodents …

The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of
intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has …

Animal welfare is a key issue for industries that use or impact upon animals. The accurate
identification of welfare states is particularly relevant to the field of bioscience, where the …

Grimace scales quantify characteristic facial expressions associated with spontaneous pain
in rodents and other mammals. However, these scales have not been widely adopted …

Facial expressions are increasingly being used to assess pain in non-human species,
including rodents, horses, and lambs. The development of these species-specific grimace …