New Findings What is the topic of this review? This review provides an up‐to‐date
assessment of the physiology involved with extreme static dry‐land breath holding in trained …

As a primary component of homeostasis, the sympathetic nervous system enables rapid
adjustments to stress through its ability to communicate messages among organs and cause …

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are sex differences in the
cardiorespiratory and sympathetic neurocirculatory responses to central, peripheral, and …

Sympathetic responsiveness to laboratory mental stress is highly variable, making
interpretations of its role in stress reactivity challenging. The present study assessed muscle …

Advances in our understanding of brain mechanisms for the hypoxic ventilatory response,
coordinated changes in blood pressure, and the long-term consequences of chronic …

We examined the effect of acute intermittent hypoxia (IH) on sympathetic neural firing
patterns and the role of the carotid chemoreceptors. We hypothesized exposure to acute IH …

Purpose Acute breath-holding deprives the human body from oxygen. In an effort to protect
the brain, the diving response is initiated, coupling several physiological responses. The aim …

The spleen contracts during apnea, releasing stored erythrocytes, thereby increasing
systemic hemoglobin concentration (Hb). We compared apnea and rebreathing periods, of …

Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) exhibits well-described within-breath respiratory
modulation, but the interactive contributions of the arterial baroreflex remain unclear. The …

Breath-hold divers (BHD) experience repeated bouts of severe hypoxia and hypercapnia
with large increases in blood pressure. However, the impact of long-term breath-hold diving …