The TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the non-
canonical inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) family. TBK1 can be activated by …

TLRs play a critical role in the detection of microbes and endogenous “alarmins” to initiate
host defense, yet they can also contribute to the development and progression of …

The NLRP3 inflammasome has an important function in inflammation by promoting the
processing of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 to their mature bioactive forms, and by inducing cell …

Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) serves as an important component of multiple signaling
pathways. While the majority of research on TBK1 has focused on its role in innate immunity …

It is widely accepted that the essential role of TRAF6 in vivo is to generate the Lys63-linked
ubiquitin (K63-Ub) chains needed to activate the “master” protein kinase TAK1. Here, we …

Sensing of intracellular and extracellular environments is one of the fundamental processes
of cell. Surveillance of aberrant nucleic acids, derived either from invading pathogens or …

In the protective responses of epithelial tissues, not only immune cells but also non-immune
cells directly respond to external agents. Epithelial cells can be involved in the organization …

Microglia are crucial for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and its animal model,
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here we show that the E3 ubiquitin …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the major innate immune sensors for detection of specific
molecular patterns on various pathogens. TLRs activate signaling events mainly by utilizing …

Pellino proteins were initially characterized as a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that can
catalyse the ubiquitylation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and …