Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic
responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical …

Women undergo important changes in sex hormones throughout their lifetime that can
impact cardiovascular disease risk. Whereas the traditional cardiovascular risk factors …

Severe outcomes and death from the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appear to
be characterized by an exaggerated immune response with hypercytokinemia leading to …

Cardiovascular diseases are common for men and women but there are differences
between the sexes in terms of clinical symptoms, pathophysiology and response to the …

In medicine, there is growing evidence that gender differences are important and lead to
variations in the pathophysiology and treatment of many diseases with traits that appear to …

Testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) are produced in male and female humans and are
potent metabolic regulators in both sexes. When E2 and T production stops or decreases …

Some aspects of glucose homeostasis are regulated differently in males and females. This
review discusses the most fundamental gender differences in glucose homeostasis and …

Every year, 2 million women reach menopause in the United States, and they may spend
40% or more of their life in a postmenopausal state. In the years immediately preceding …

Menopausal hormone therapy (HT) prescribing practices have evolved over the last few
decades guided by the changing understanding of the treatment's risks and benefits. Since …

Introduction Whether menopause increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
independently of ageing has been a matter of debate. Controversy also exists about the …