Cnidarians are the oldest extant lineage of venomous animals. Despite their simple
anatomy, they are capable of subduing or repelling prey and predator species that are far …

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2012 to 2013 was systematically
reviewed, consistent with the 1998–2011 reviews of this series. Marine pharmacology …

Venom is a complex trait with substantial inter-and intraspecific variability resulting from
strong selective pressures acting on the expression of many toxic proteins. However …

Cnidarians represent one of the few groups of venomous animals that lack a centralized
venom transmission system. Instead, they are equipped with stinging capsules collectively …

Animal venom is a complex cocktail of bioactive chemicals that traditionally drew interest
mostly from biochemists and pharmacologists. However, in recent years the evolutionary …

This article provides a brief overview of the literature related to the chemical ecology of sea
anemones, focusing on their venom, and summarizing their bioprospecting potential. Sea …

Sea anemones are sessile invertebrates of the phylum Cnidaria and their survival and
evolutive success are highly related to the ability to produce and quickly inoculate venom …

Despite the noxious effects inflicted by Dinoponera ant's envenomation, the information
about the biological properties and composition of their venom is still very limited. Ants from …

Bioactive compounds are abundant in animals originating from marine ecosystems. Ion
channels, which include sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, together with their …

Cnidarians are probably the oldest group of animals to be venomous, yet our current picture
of cnidarian venom evolution is highly imbalanced due to limited taxon sampling. High …