Asthma is a heterogeneous lung disease with variable phenotypes (clinical presentations)
and distinctive endotypes (mechanisms). Over the last decade, considerable efforts have …

Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 belong to the T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine family, along with IL-3, IL-
5, and IL-9. These cytokines are key mediators of allergic inflammation. They have important …

Respiratory disorders, especially non-communicable, chronic inflammatory diseases, are
amongst the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Respiratory diseases …

Cytokines are critical for intercellular communication in human health and disease, but the
investigation of cytokine signaling activity has remained challenging due to the short half …

Background Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds IL‐4Rα and inhibits
signaling of both IL‐4 and IL‐13, has shown efficacy across multiple diseases with …

Severe asthma imposes a significant burden on patients, families and healthcare systems.
Management is difficult, due to disease heterogeneity, co‐morbidities, complexity in care …

Immune response in the asthmatic respiratory tract is mainly driven by CD4+ T helper (Th)
cells, represented by Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, especially Th2 cells. Asthma is a …

Environmental exposures interplay with human host factors to promote the development and
progression of allergic diseases. The worldwide prevalence of allergic disease is rising as a …

Interleukins (IL)-4 and-13 play a pivotal role in the pathobiology of type-2 asthma. Indeed, IL-
4 is crucially involved in Th2 cell differentiation, immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching and …

Smooth muscle cell migration has been implicated in the development of respiratory and
cardiovascular systems; and airway/vascular remodeling. Cell migration is a polarized …