The radiation from stars and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) creates photodissociation regions
(PDRs) and X-ray-dominated regions (XDRs), where the chemistry or heating is dominated …

Ice mantles play a crucial role in shaping the astrochemical inventory of molecules during
star and planet formation. Small-scale molecular processes have a profound impact on large …

Solar-type stars exhibit their highest levels of magnetic activity during their early convective
pre-main-sequence (PMS) phase of evolution. The most powerful PMS flares, superflares …

Context. Water is a key molecule in star-and planet-forming regions. Recent water line
observations toward several low-mass protostars suggest low water gas fractional …

Measuring the evolution of X-ray emission from pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars gives
insight into two issues: the response of magnetic dynamo processes to changes in the …

Methyl mercaptan (CH 3 SH) is one of the S-bearing organic compounds found in the
interstellar medium (ISM). In this study, we investigated the surface reactions of solid CH 3 …

Pure acetonitrile (CH 3 CN) and mixed CO: CH 3 CN and H 2 O: CH 3 CN ices have been
irradiated at 15 K with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photons in the 7–13.6 eV range using …

Aims. Interstellar grain mantles present in dense interstellar clouds are in constant exchange
with the gas phase via accretion and desorption mechanisms such as UV, X-ray …

Context. X-rays emitted from pre-main-sequence stars at the center of protoplanetary disks
can induce nonthermal desorption from interstellar ices populating the cold regions of the …

Context. Astrophysical observations show complex organic molecules (COMs) in the gas
phase of protoplanetary disks. X-rays emitted from the central young stellar object that …