Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and
show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex …

Highlights•Among vertebrates, females develop higher antibody responses to diverse
antigens than males.•Sex differences in humoral immunity are greatest after puberty and …

Individual MHC genotype constrains the mutational landscape during tumorigenesis.
Immune checkpoint inhibition reactivates immunity against tumors that escaped immune …

A central hypothesis of eco-immunology proposes trade-offs between immune defences and
competing physiological and behavioural processes, leading to immunological variation …

Asthma is characterized by an increase in the contraction and inflammation of airway
muscles, resulting in airflow obstruction. The prevalence of asthma is lower in females than …

Inactivated influenza vaccines induce greater antibody responses in females than males
among both humans and mice. To test the breadth of protection, we used recombinant …

Sex‐specific physiology is commonly reported in animals, often indicating lower immune
indices and higher oxidative stress in males than in females. Sexual selection is argued to …

Massive mortalities due to pathogens are routinely reported in bivalve cultivation that have
significant economic consequences for the global aquaculture industry. However, host …

In many animals, catabolic and anabolic periods are temporally separated. Migratory birds
alternate energy expenditure during flight with energy accumulation during stopover. The …

This article provides a brief historical perspective on the integration of physiology into the
concept of the pace of life of birds, evaluates the fit of immune function into this framework …