The use of plants for the production of virus‐like nanoparticles (VNPs) dates back to
separating natural empty capsids of plant viruses from whole virions nearly 70 years ago …

Background Dendritic cell (DC) targeted antigen delivery is a promising strategy to enhance
vaccine efficacy and delivery of therapeutics. Self-assembling peptide-based nanoparticles …

Abstract Background Virus-like particles (VLPs) are supramolecular structures composed of
multiple protein subunits and resemble natural virus particles in structure and size, making …

Porcine circovirus (PCV) comprises four distinct species, namely, PCV1–4, with
considerable differences between them, resulting in limited crossprotection. PCV2 inflicts …

Currently there is a clear trend towards the establishment of virus-like particles (VLPs) as a
powerful tool for vaccine development. VLPs are tunable nanoparticles that can be …

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is an acute viral disease that causes important economy
losses. Vaccines with new low-cost adjuvants that stimulate protective immune responses …

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is capable of causing porcine circovirus-associated
disease (PCVAD) and is one of the major threats to the global pig industry. The …

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a major cause of reproductive failure in swine and has caused
substantial losses throughout the world. Viral protein 2 (VP2) of PPV is a major structural …

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma
hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae, Mhp) are two of the most common pathogens involved …

Nanoparticles are significant for veterinary vaccine development because they are safer and
more effective than conventional formulations. One promising area of research involves self …