Risk assessment and impact of foodborne pathogens on the health of different populations
was one of the goals identified in the Presidential Food Safety Initiative three‐year plan. This …

The timelines for developing vaccines against infectious diseases are lengthy, and often
vaccines that reach the stage of large phase 3 field trials fail to provide the desired level of …

Summary Background Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S Typhi) is responsible for an
estimated 20 million infections and 200 000 deaths each year in resource poor regions of …

Background. No licensed cholera vaccine is presently available in the United States.
Cholera vaccines available in other countries require 2 spaced doses. A single-dose …

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the induction of immunity in the gastrointestinal
mucosa following oral immunization and the cross‐talk between mucosal and systemic …

Oral vaccines, whether living or non-living, viral or bacterial, elicit diminished immune
responses or have lower efficacy in developing countries than in developed countries. Here …

Mucosal surfaces are the major entrance for infectious pathogens and therefore mucosal
immune responses serve as a first line of defence. Most current immunization procedures …

Cholera is a substantial health burden on the developing world and is endemic in Africa,
Asia, South America, and Central America. The exact scale of the problem is uncertain …

This report of the WHO Working Group for Guidance on Human Challenge Studies in COVID-
19 outlines ethical standards for COVID-19 challenge studies. It includes eight Key Criteria …

To establish the safety and reproducibility of live challenge with Leishmania major, a single
frozen stabilate was used in two open, single-arm leishmanization (LZ) trials. A total of 42 …