C4 photosynthesis and Kranz anatomy occur in 16 eudicot families, a striking example of
convergent evolution. Biochemical subtyping for 13 previously undiagnosed C4 eudicot …

Gluconeogenesis is a key interface between organic acid/amino acid/lipid and sugar
metabolism. The aims of this article are four-fold. First, to provide a concise overview of plant …

Metacaspases are distant relatives of the metazoan caspases, found in plants, fungi, and
protists. However, in contrast with caspases, information about the physiological substrates …

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) has evolved from a C3 ground state to increase water
use efficiency of photosynthesis. During CAM evolution, selective pressures altered the …

Plants operating C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways exhibit differences in leaf anatomy and
photosynthetic carbon fixation biochemistry. Fully understanding this underpinning …

The flexibility of plant growth, development and stress responses is choreographed by an
intricate network of signaling cascades and genetic programs. However, it is metabolism that …

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) is probably ubiquitous in flowering plants, but is
confined to certain cells or tissues. It is regulated by phosphorylation, which renders it less …

Signal transduction involves posttranslational modifications and protein-protein interactions,
which can be studied by proteomics. In Arabidopsis, the steroid hormone (brassinosteroid …

Photosynthetic pathway characteristics were studied in nine species of Heliotropium (sensu
lato, including Euploca), using assessments of leaf anatomy and ultrastructure, activities of …

Most physiology comparisons of C3 and C4 plants are made under current or elevated
concentrations of atmospheric CO2 which do not reflect the low CO2 environment under …