Natural killer (NK) cells are unique immune effectors able to kill cancer cells by direct
recognition of surface ligands, without prior sensitization. Allogeneic NK transfer is a highly …

Polystyrene (PS) has brought in vitro cell culture from its humble beginnings to the modern
era, propelling dozens of research fields along the way. This review discusses the …

The emergence of tissue engineering raises new possibilities for the study of complex
physiological and pathophysiological processes in vitro. Many tools are now available to …

Tissue engineering is currently limited by the inability to adequately vascularize tissues in
vitro or in vivo. Issues of nutrient perfusion and mass transport limitations, especially oxygen …

Drug candidate and toxicity screening processes currently rely on results from early-stage in
vitro cell-based assays expected to faithfully represent essential aspects of in vivo …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has tremendous advantages to closely mimic
the in vivo architecture and microenvironment of healthy tissue and organs, as well as of …

A bone tissue engineering strategy involving the in vitro expansion of cells on a scaffold
before implantation into the body represents a promising alternative to current clinical …

Stem cells have the ability for prolonged self‐renewal and differentiation into mature cells of
various lineages, which makes them important cell sources for tissue engineering …

Widespread use of embryonic and adult stem cells for therapeutic applications will require
reproducible production of large numbers of well-characterized cells under well-controlled …

Cultured beef is a method where stem cells from skeletal muscle of cows are cultured in vitro
to gain edible muscle tissue. For large-scale production of cultured beef, the culture …