Local anesthetics reversibly block the generation and propagation of electrical impulses in
nerves, thereby causing sensory and motor blockade. They are primarily used for local and …

Effective pain management involves addressing the underlying process or injury that
induced pain, as well as use of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods to reduce …

The need for timely and appropriate recognition, assessment, and treatment of pain in all
veterinary species, including exotic pets, cannot be overstated. Although the assessment of …

Local anesthetics reversibly block the generation and propagation of electrical impulses in
nerves, thereby causing sensory and motor blockade. Local anesthetics are considered …

Objective To determine the cardiovascular effects of lidocaine infused intravenously (IV) in
broiler chickens. Study design Two phase study: Phase 1, randomized up-and-down study …

Aims To develop a technique for the injection of local anaesthetic into the spinal canal of
broiler chickens by first determining the ideal location for needle placement based on …

The content of this chapter highlights general properties of antiarrhythmic drugs and reviews
their classification scheme. Specific pharmacologic properties of common antiarrhythmic …

Objective-To evaluate the total toxic dose of lidocaine and serum lidocaine concentrations
resulting in clinical signs of toxicity in chickens. Design-Experimental study Animals-Eight …

Background: Clinical analgesia in avian species is a relatively data‐deficient area of
investigation, and it is becoming evident that direct extrapolation of data from one bird …

A robust liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS) method has been
developed and validated for the determination of lidocaine (LIDO) and its metabolite …