Signalling through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) is required for peripheral B lymphocyte
maturation, maintenance, activation and silencing. In mature B cells, the antigen receptor …

This review discusses evolution of the process of Ig heavy chain class switching, relating it to
the first appearance of somatic hypermutation (SHM) of variable region genes. First, we …

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus express two Ig isotypes: IgM and IgD. Although catfish
IgM has been extensively studied at the functional and structural levels, much less is known …

IgD has remained a mysterious Ig class and a bane to immunology students since its
discovery> 40 years ago. Its spotty occurrence in mammals and birds and the discovery of …

Recent discoveries of IgD in ancient vertebrates suggest that IgD has been preserved in
evolution from fish to human for important immunological functions. A non-canonical form of …

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) has remained a mysterious antibody class for almost half a century.
IgD was initially thought to be a recently evolved Ig isotype expressed only by some …

Antigen-specific human polyclonal antibodies (hpAbs), produced by hyperimmunization,
could be useful for treating many human diseases. However, yields from available …

In addition to producing conventional tetrameric IgGs, camelids have the particularity of
producing a functional homodimeric IgG type lacking L (light) chains and only made up of …

Only three Ig isotypes, IgM, IgX, and IgY, were previously known in amphibians. Here, we
describe a heavy-chain isotype in Xenopus tropicalis, IgF (encoded by Cφ), with only two …

Cattle are able to produce a full range of Ig classes including the long-elusive IgD through
rearrangement of their germline genes. Several IgL groupings have been reported but as in …