In the human body, almost all cells interact with extracellular matrices (ECMs), which have
tissue and organ-specific compositions and architectures. These ECMs not only function as …

This review paper explores the cutting-edge advancements in hydrogel design for articular
cartilage regeneration (CR). Articular cartilage (AC) defects are a common occurrence …

3D printing technology offers extensive applications in tissue engineering and regenerative
medicine (TERM) because it can create a three-dimensional porous structure with …

Organ transplantation is the optimal treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure, but
which faces the challenge of donor shortage. Two-dimensional cell culture and animal …

Human long bones exhibit pore size gradients with small pores in the exterior cortical bone
and large pores in the interior cancellous bone. However, most current bone tissue …

Hard tissue engineering scaffolds especially 3D printed scaffolds were considered an
excellent strategy for craniomaxillofacial hard tissue regeneration, involving crania and …

Bioactive metal-based nanostructures, particularly zinc oxide (ZnO), are promising materials
for bone tissue engineering. However, integrating them into 3D-printed polymers using …

Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within a three-dimensional
(3D) environment can be guided to form cartilage-like tissue in vitro to generate cartilage …

In this study, a thorough examination of the chemical, thermal, and mechanical
characteristics, as well as shape memory behavior at low temperatures, of blends consisting …

Hydrogel, a water-swollen polymeric network, has emerged as an appealing protagonist in
the realm of 3D/4D printing technology. This review offers a glimpse into the promising world …