Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by a diverse range of
symptoms that can have profound impacts on the lives of patients. Currently available …

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are G proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs) that
mediate the metabotropic actions of acetylcholine (ACh). There are five subtypes of mAChR …

Because the five muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes have overlapping distributions
in many CNS tissues, and because ligands with a high degree of selectivity for a given …

G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels are one of the main
regulators of neuronal excitability. Activation of GIRK channels in the CNS usually leads to …

Acetylcholine regulates the cerebral cortex to sharpen sensory perception and enhance
attentional focus. The cellular and circuit mechanisms of this cholinergic modulation are …

Conditioned place preference (CPP) is widely used to investigate the rewarding properties
of cocaine. Various brain regions and neurotransmitters are involved in developing cocaine …

Acetylcholine is implicated in mood disorders including depression and anxiety. Increased
cholinergic tone in humans and rodents produces pro-depressive and anxiogenic-like …

In vertebrates, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-secreting neurons control fertility
by regulating gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary. While it is known that acetylcholine …

Abstract Effects of stress on the reward system are well established in the literature.
Although previous studies have revealed that stress can reinstate extinguished addictive …

The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) striate cortex is reciprocally connected with the dorsal
lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the ventral pulvinar nucleus (Pv), and the claustrum. In …