Strong solar flares and coronal mass ejections, here defined not only as the bursts of
electromagnetic radiation but as the entire process in which magnetic energy is released …

The Sun, as an active star, is the driver of energetic phenomena that structure interplanetary
space and affect planetary atmospheres. The effects of Space Weather on Earth and the …

Aims. Solar Orbiter, the first mission of ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 programme and a
mission of international collaboration between ESA and NASA, will explore the Sun and …

We review the surface flux transport model for the evolution of magnetic flux patterns on the
Sun's surface. Our underlying motivation is to understand the model's prediction of the polar …

Space Weather is the portion of space physics that has a direct effect on humankind. Space
Weather is an old branch of space physics that originates back to 1808 with the publication …

We describe the defining observations of the solar cycle that provide constraints for the
dynamo processes operating within the Sun. Specifically, we report on the following topics …

Hinode is Japan's third solar mission following Hinotori (1981–1982) and Yohkoh (1991–
2001): it was launched on 2006 September 22 and is in operation currently. Hinode carries …

Solar flares are explosions on the Sun. They happen when energy stored in magnetic fields
around solar active regions (ARs) is suddenly released. Solar flares and accompanied …

The Carrington event in 1859, a solar flare with an associated geomagnetic storm, has
served as a prototype of possible superflare occurrence on the Sun. Recent geophysical …

Bipolar magnetic regions (BMRs) provide crucial information about solar magnetism. They
exhibit varying morphology and magnetic properties throughout their lifetime, and studying …